经常我们都能从各种各样的参考书上看到以下的技巧,我觉得做夭级的阅读题,这些方法足以提高六级的阅读速度。我想强调的是一定要将这些方法变成自己的能力,只有多练习才可以彻底掌握,否则再多的技巧都是无用的书面语言。
一、略读(skimming)
所谓略读是一种选择阅读法。它有两个特点:第一,它有意地忽略掉一些字词、句子或段落;第二,它有意地不求甚解。例如抓住一段的大意时甚至可以对该段落的一半或者四分之三不予理睬。
略读不是略去某些词不读,而是指不可以逐字逐词阅读。要抓住关键词,阅读句群,把握整体意思。在一个句子里,最关键的莫过于主语、谓语、宾语了,其他的成分都是用来补充主、谓、宾的附加成分,让主、谓、宾看起来更加丰满。使用略读法时,要省去各种细节的知识,如数字、公式、时间、地点、人物年龄等。要注意故事的主要情节,抓住中心意思。在方法上,阅读时可以跳跃某些句子,但要注意关键词、关键段落和问题。当找到了所需要的信息时,要立即停下来。然后,再慢慢地细读包含所需信息的那一行或那一句。
例如:The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the joumalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons;first,it seems likely that most people in modem Western societies are more familiar,at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than any other form of interviewing. (that从句只是解释fact,it从句列举reasons,只要抓住The fact seems to be surprising for two reasons,这句话的意思就可以把握了。)
遇到难句一定要将主语、渭语、宾语勾画出来,明显地提醒自己这句话的意思是什么。在做完了题目检查时还一定要认认真真地把句子分析清楚,这样才可以提高自己的阅读能力。
二、找出信号词
信号词常用来连接细节或是强调内容,并可完成段落的转换,暗示读者下文要讲的内容,标志出作者要提出一个新的思想或者观点,或者是作者要对所论述的观点举例说明,或者要详细论述同一观点。例如:
To sum up,Aristotle thought that all motions resulted either from the nature of the moving object or from a sustained push or pull.(表明作者要做结论)
There is never only a single force in a situation.For example, in walking across the floor,we push against the floor, and the floor in turn pushes against us.(举例说明)
In other words, in an economic sense the family was analmost self-sufficient unit.(用不同的表达方法说明同一观点)
常用的主要有:
A.表示递进关系
如:also,besides,further,furthermore,even,too,moreover.in addition,in particular,even more important等。
B.表示时间和顺序
如:before,now,next,first,finally,at first,at last,then,until,soon,later,after,eventually,in the past,afterwards,meanwhile。in the meantime等。
C.表示空间顺序
如:beside,between,beyond,from(…to),outside,next to,opposite to等。
D.表示下文要引出例子
如:such as, i.e.,for example,for instance,in fact等。
E.表示因果关系
如:because,thus,so,so that,as a result,therefore,consequently, for this(that)reason,hence,accordingly等。
F.表示比较或对比(下文要开始转折)
如:(un)like,similarly,likewise,in the same way,in spite of,despite,on the contrary,by comparison,in contrast,but,however,although,on the other hand,yet,nevertheless,conversely,otherwise等。
G.表示结论和概括意义
如:to conclude,to sum up,in sum,in conclusion.In short,in brief,on the whole等。
在文中遇到此类词汇一定要做标记,考点也常常在这些地方出现。
三、找到中心思想
一个句子、一段文章虽然能提供许多信息,但它的中心意思通常只有一个。其它细节都围绕这个意思,说明这个意思。要提高阅读速度有一个最根本的要求,就是要找到并抓住这个中心意思。抓住了中心意思才能正确地理解句子、段落或通篇的基本内容。下面几组词,每一组都有一个中心词:
A.apple fruit orange
B.animal cat dog bird
c.green red yellow color
D.chair table furniture couch
E.nurse profession teacher lawyer
段落的中心意思与句子的中心意思是类似的。一般有两种情况:一种是表明的中心意思,另一种是隐含的中心意思。表明的中心意思常常用一个或几个句子来表示,隐含的中心尽想需要读者用自己的话去概括、归纳整篇或整段的含义。
要想在考试中在阅读理解部分取得高分,首先必须学会寻找中心思想、抓住中心思想,特别是段落的中心思想。主题句的位置比较灵活,有的在段首。有的在段末,有的则居段中,但主题句在段首的比较多。例如:
As the sun went down , the scene from the bridge was beautiful, It had been a perfect day. Up and down on either side of NY the bright blue water lay gently rippling, while to the south it merged into the great bay and disappeared toward the sea. The vast cities spread away on both sides. Beyond rolled the hilly country until it was lost in the mists of the sky. All up and down the harbor the shipping, piers , and buildings were still gaily decorated. On the housetops of both Brooklyn and NY were multitudes of people.
主题句就是第一句。其他的句子只是细节,都是解释、说明第一句的。
不论主题句在句首也好,在句末也好,都是用一个完整的句子表达这一段的中心意思的,在这一类的文章中,识别主题句进而抓住中心意思是比较容易的,比较困难的是识别、寻找隐含的中心意思,例如:
Tennis is not a difficult game to play , and you do not need a lot of equipment to play it. There must be two or four players. Each player should have a comfortable tennis racket. The players will also need some tennis balls. Of course, it is necessary to have a tennis court.
这一段的中心意思没有用主题句表示出来,而是包含在这一段的上下文中,需要我们用自己的话进行概括、归纳。可以看出,这一段的中心意思应该是:Players need a court,rackets,and tennis balls。
四、正确处理阅读中出现的生词,提高阅读速度
个别生词不会影响我们对全文的理解,而且大纲中也允许有3%左右的生词。对有些与答题无关的生词一般可以忽略过去。如果有个别生词影响了对全篇的理解和做题,就需要去猜测词义。在考试中当然是无法求助于字典的,一般可以有两种方法:第一是根据构词法判断词义。这种方法需要认识大量的词根,否则一切猜测都无从谈起;第二种是根据与上下文的关系推测其词义,生词不是孤立的、封闭的,它所出现于其中的句子、段落都会提供很多的暗示和线索,其中最常见的上下文暗示或线索有以下五种:
1.同义词或复述线索。在同一句子中使用另外一个词,该词与生词具有基本相同的意义;或者,使用几个词来复述生词的意义。例如:
下面黑体字与画框的字意义相同:
A.The woman found herself in a difficult situation.In fact her plight was so serious that she decided to get help.
B.Children often try to emulate or copy the behavior that they.see on television.
2.比较/对照线索,一个句子可能包含有这样一个词,它与生词具有相反的意义。作者有时使用on the other hand,however,although,unlike,yet和but等转折语,提醒读者注。意他要使用一个与生词具有相反意义地词语。
下面黑体字与画框的字意义相反:
A.Some people like to walk quickly home after work,but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way.
B. Although the doctor usually performed the operation perfectly.the nurse knew he had slipped when she saw the patient’s blood pressure suddenly rise.
3.例释线索。作者有时给出一些例子,指示或解释生词的含义。
请阅读下列句子,并通过每一句中的例子判断黑体字的意义。
A.There was a kind of detachment about the old man’s behavior.It appeared as if he didn’t care what you were saying to him.as if what you were saying were of no interest to him.
B.In a battle situation he always appeared calm and relaxed.It was this calm demeanor that earned him the respect and admiration of the other soldiers.
4.直接解释的线索。作者有时担心自己所使用的词不易为读者理解,于是就直接解释该词的意义。阅读下列句子,找出黑体字的解释语:
A.The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid;that is,it could not be tasted,seen,or smelled.
B.From the shelf above him。the old man took down a phiaI,a small glass bottle used to keep liquids,and he placed it on the table in front of him.
5.经验线索或情景线索。有些生词可以根据它们所出现于其中的情景去理解;也可以结合读者自己的经验去理解。
阅读下列句子,运用每一个句子所描述的情景去推断黑体字的含义:
A.Alan found himself on the first floor of an old,seemingly abandoned building,as he walked up to the second floor he could hear the old wooden stairs creak with each step he took.
B.It was the first time Nancy had been in a big city.She felt a little apprehensive as she walked out onto the street.with so many strange faces staring at her
五、跳读法
跳读法是略读法的进一步发展。跳读法就是读的时候,头脑中带着问题,寻找问题的具体答案,采取跳跃、选择阅读的方法。一旦找到了问题的具体答案,便立即停下来,跳读法也是快读的一种形式。如果略去冗余的单词,文章所表达的思想并不受太大的影响。
用跳读法做下面的练习,并迅速选出答案:
A.What_____(in 1836;a new car;yesterday)
B.Why________(last week;for some ice;very carefully)
C.Which_______(the green box;45 cents;in ten minutes)
D.How________($649;very quickly;a new red car)
E.Where________(at 9 PM;every meming;in Florida)
F.When_______(under the table;with Susan and Joe;about five hours ago)
G.Who_______(a very good coach;Mr.Roberts;some pens and pencils)
除了以上几点,还有很多其他的方法可以用来提高阅读速度,例如句群阅读法等。无论是哪种方法目的都是为了在提高速度的同时加强对文章的理解。因此,无论采用哪种形式,一定要记住不要为了一棵树苗而忘记了整片森林。不认识的生词可以跳过去,大部分的生词并不影响对整个句子意思的理解,不要一遇到生词心里就慌了。
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