2. “两短”

(1) 形容词

【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀。

【常见位置】

① 一般置于名词之前，如a beautiful park。

② 修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如“一些有趣的事”应译为something interesting。

(2) 副词

【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。

【常见位置】英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。

① 可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it.

② 可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his students individually.

③ 可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”，如：

The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系动词之后)

He immediately saw the black cat. (实义动词之前)

He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助动词之后，实义动词之前)

He can hardly speak anything. (情态动词之后，实义动词之前)

④ 可置于形容词或副词之前，如：There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.

从上面的分析可以看出，虽然英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短且易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此在给修饰成分做标记时，形容词和副词可不标记。

3. 平行并列结构

【定义】并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。

【标记方法】给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如A and B的平行并列结构时，应先找B (即右并列项)后找A (即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成“A … and B …”的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定出来。

【常见并列关系】

英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。

① 名词并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.

② 形容词并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.

③ 副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.

④ 谓语动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.

⑤ 介词短语并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

⑥ 从句并列： I’ve finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month).

⑦ 非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.

⑧ 整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.