Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion? It means that we live 1 competing interests.Your roommate’s need to study for an exam may take 2 over pizza.Your instructor may have good reasons not to change your grade.And the 3 of your romantic interest may have other options.

In such a world, persuasion is the art of getting others to give fair and 4 consideration to our point of view.When we persuade, we want to influence 5 others believe and behave.We may not always prevail—other points of view may be more persuasive, 6 on the listener, the situation, and the merits of the case.But when we practice the art of persuasion, we try to 7 that our position receives the attention it deserves.

Some people, however, 8 to the very idea of persuasion.They may regard it as an unwelcome intrusion 9 their lives or as a manipulation or domination.10 , we believe that persuasion is 11—to live is to persuade.Persuasion may be ethical or unethical, selfless or selfish, 12 or degrading.Persuaders may enlighten our minds or 13 on our vulnerability.Ethical persuasion, however, calls 14 sound reasoning and is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners.Such persuasion can help us 15 the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make.16, an essential part of education is learning to 17 the one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practise the other.

18 its personal importance to us, persuasion is essential to society.The 19 to persuade and be persuaded is the foundation of the American political system, guaranteed by the First Amendment 20 the Constitution.

1.\[A\] on\[B\] among\[C\] for\[D\] by

2.\[A\] priority\[B\] advantage\[C\] control\[D\] place

3.\[A\] objection\[B\] projection\[C\] project\[D\] object

4.\[A\] unbiased\[B\] unprejudiced\[C\] favorable\[D\] favorite

5.\[A\] what\[B\] which\[C\] why\[D\] how

6.\[A\] living\[B\] depending\[C\] resting\[D\] insisting

7.\[A\] ensure\[B\] assure\[C\] insure\[D\] reassure

8.\[A\] agree\[B\] object\[C\] confront\[D\] consent

9.\[A\] onto\[B\] of\[C\] to\[D\] into

10.\[A\] In contrast\[B\] In particular\[C\] For instance\[D\] As a result

11.\[A\] prominent\[B\] invariable\[C\] evident\[D\] inevitable

12.\[A\] embarrassing\[B\] inspiring\[C\] upgrading\[D\] innovating

13.\[A\] prey\[B\] rest\[C\] put\[D\] fall

14.\[A\] for\[B\] up\[C\] off\[D\] on

15.\[A\] apply\[B\] contribute\[C\] transfer\[D\] connect

16.\[A\] However\[B\] Conversely\[C\] Furthermore\[D\] Therefore

17.\[A\] resist\[B\] perform\[C\] insist\[D\] restrain

18.\[A\] Beyond\[B\] Except\[C\] Including\[D\] Excluding

19.\[A\] power\[B\] authority\[C\] ability\[D\] right

20.\[A\] to\[B\] for\[C\] on\[D\] in

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Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text1

“I’ve never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University.“It’s a stupid endeavor.” That’s an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13yearold dog named Missy.So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon.They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years.It seems the reproductive system of man’s best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.

Westhusin’s experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning.In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy’s DNA.None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother.The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you’re dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans.“Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.

Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff.Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin’s phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily.Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy’s mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy.He’s plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy’s fine qualities after she dies.But he knows her clone may not have her temperament.In a statement of purpose, Missy’s owners and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”

The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin’s work.He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.“Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we’re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”

21.Which of the following best represents Mr.Westhusin’s attitude toward cloning?

［A］ Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.

［B］ Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.

［C］ Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.

［D］ Animals cloning yes, and human cloning at least not now.

22.The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probably because .

［A］ there isn’t enough fund to support the research

［B］ cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bulls

［C］ Mr.Westhusin is too busy taking care of the business

［D］ the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet

23.When Mr.Westhusin says “...cloning is dangerous,” he implies that .

［A］ lab technicians may be affected by chemicals

［B］ cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseases

［C］ experiments may waste lots of lives

［D］ cloned animals could outlive the natural ones

24.We can infer from the third paragraph that .

［A］ rich people are more interested in cloning humans than animals

［B］ cloning of animal pets is becoming a prosperous industry

［C］ there is no distinction between a cloned and a natural dog

［D］ Missy’s master pays a lot in a hope to revive the dog

25.We may conclude from the text that .

［A］ human cloning will not succeed unless the technique is more efficient

［B］ scientists are optimistic about cloning technique

［C］ many people are against the idea of human cloning

［D］ cloned animals are more favored by owners even if they are weaker

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Text2

With the extension of democratic rights in the first half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge.Education was no longer a confirmation of a preexisting status, but an instrument in the acquisition of higher status.For a new generation of upwardly mobile students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and better world.Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentlemaninwaiting, but the journeyman apprentice for upward mobility.

In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world.The founding of the landgrant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from nonAngloSaxon, workingclass and lowermiddleclass backgrounds.The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses.And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.

For the gentlemaninwaiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish.And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously.For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work.The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity.While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and selfcontrol came to distinguish the new apprentice.And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward.Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.

26.Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?

［A］ Democratic ideas started with education.

［B］ Federalists were opposed to education.

［C］ New education helped confirm people’s social status.

［D］ Old education had been in tune with hierarchical society.

27.The difference between “gentlemaninwaiting” and “journeyman” is that  .

［A］ education trained gentlemaninwaiting to climb higher ladders

［B］ journeyman was ready to take whatever was given to him

［C］ gentlemaninwaiting belonged to a fixed and high social class

［D］ journeyman could do practically nothing without education

28.According to the second paragraph, landgrant college .

［A］ belonged to the landowning class

［B］ enlarged the scope of education

［C］ was provided only to the poor

［D］ benefited all but the upper class

29.Which of the following was the most important for a “gentlemaninwaiting”?

［A］ Manners.［B］ Education.［C］ Moral.［D］ Personality.

30.The best title for the passage is .

［A］ Education and Progress

［B］ Old and New Social Norms

［C］ New Education: Opportunities for More

［D］ Demerits of Hierarchical Society

Text3

Talk to any parent of a student who took an adventurous gap year(a year between school and university when some students earn money, travel, etc.)and a misty look will come into their eyes.There are some disasters and even the most motivated, organised gap student does require family backup, financial, emotional and physical.The parental mistiness is not just about the brilliant experience that has matured their offspring; it is vicarious living.We all wish preuniversity gap years had been the fashion in our day.We can see how much tougher our kids become; how much more prepared to benefit from university or to decide positively that they are going to do something other than a degree.

Gap years are fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of charities and private companies offering them.Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade.The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, very commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English.With this trend, however, comes a danger.Once parents feel that a wellstructured year is essential to their wouldbe undergraduate’s progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies blurbs suggest it might be, then parents will start organising—and paying for—the gaps.

Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, director of the gap companies’ umbrella organisation, the Year Out Group, it is usually because of poor planning.That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation.“When people get it wrong, it is usually medical or, especially among girls, it is that they have not been away from home before or because expectation does not match reality.”

The point of a gap year is that it should be the time when the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies.Kids don’t mature if mum and dad decide how they are going to mature.If the 18yearold’s way of maturing is to slob out on Hampstead Heath soaking up sunshine or spending a year working with fishermen in Cornwall, then that’s what will be productive for that person.The consensus, however, is that some structure is an advantage and that the prime mover needs to be the student.

The 18yearold who was dispatched by his parents at two weeks’ notice to Canada to learn to be a snowboarding instructor at a cost of ￡5,800, probably came back with little more than a hangover.The 18yearold on the same package who worked for his fare and spent the rest of his year instructing in resorts from New Zealand to Switzerland, and came back to apply for university, is the positive counterbalance.

31.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that parents of gap students may.

［A］ help children to be prepared for disasters

［B］ receive all kinds of support from their children

［C］ have rich experience in bringing up their offspring

［D］ experience watching children grow up

32.According to the text, which of the following is true?

［A］ The popularity of gap years results from an increasing number of charities.

［B］ Prince William was working hard during his gap year.

［C］ Gap years are not as fashionable as they were ten years ago.

［D］ A wellstructured gap year is a guarantee of university success.

33.The word“packages”(Line 3, Para.2)means.

［A］ parcels carried in traveling［B］ a comprehensive set of activities

［C］ something presented in a particular way［D］ charity actions

34.What can cause the disasters of gap years?

［A］ Intervention of parents.［B］ Irresponsibility of the companies.

［C］ A lack of insurance.［D］ Low expectation.

35.An 18yearold is believed to take a meaningful gap year when he/she

［A］ lives up to his/her parents’ expectations

［B］ spends time being lazy and doing nothing

［C］ learns skills by spending parents’ money

［D］ earns his or her living and gains working experience

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Text4

The winner takes all, as is widely supposed in computing circles.Indeed, geeks have coined a word,“Googlearchy”, for the way in which search engines encourage web traffic towards the most popular sites.The belief that search engines make popular websites even more fashionable, at the expense of other pages, is now being challenged by research.

The apparently magical ability of search engines such as Google to return relevant websites even when given the sketchiest of clues by the person entering a question relies on the use of mathematical recipes or algorithms(计算程序).Google works by analyzing the structure of the web itself.Each of its billions of pages can link to other pages and can also, in turn, be linked to by others.If a page is linked to many other pages, it is flagged up as being important.Furthermore, if the pages that link to this page are also important, then that page is even more likely to be important.The algorithm has been made increasingly complex over the years, to deter those who would manipulate their pages to appear higher in their rankings, but it remains at the heart of Google’s success.

Google is not alone in this.Many search engines take account of the number of links to a website when they return the results of a search.Because of this, there is a widespread belief among computer, social, and political scientists that search engines create a vicious circle that amplifies the dominance of established and already popular websites.Page returned by research engines are more likely to be discovered and consequently linked to by others.

Not so, according to a controversial new paper that has recently appeared on ArViv, an online collection of physics and related papers.In it, Santo Fortunato and his colleagues at Indiana University in America and Bielefeld University in Germany claim that search engines actually have an egalitarian effect that increases traffic to less popular sites.

The researchers developed a model that described two extreme cases.In the first, people browsed the web only by surfing random links.In the second, people only visited pages that were returned by search engines.The researchers then turned to the real world.To their amazement, they found that the relationship between the two did not lie between the extremes suggested by their model but somewhere completely different.It appears to show that the supposed bias in favor of popular pages is actually alleviated by the combination of search engines and people following random links.

36.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

[A] Mathematical methods help search engines become more popular.

[B] The web information seems to be dominated by Google alone.

[C] Sociologists argue that search engines alleviate the inequality of websites.

[D] The ability of search engines is dependent on using algorithms.

37.According to the text, the importance of a page is determined by.

[A] controlling other pages

[B] the number of its links to other pages

[C] using mathematical methods

[D] the structure of the web itself

38.The foremost reason why Google is successful is no other than.

[A] its magical ability

[B] its higher page rankings

[C] complexity of its algorithms

[D] its heavy web traffic

39.Santo Fortunato and his colleagues seem to suggest that.

[A] fair effect is created by increasing traffic to less well known sites

[B] popular websites are made more fashionable by search engines

[C] the situation in favor of popular pages has become more serious

[D] Popular pages are more likely to be discovered by random links

40.The author seems to be mainly concerned with.

[A] prejudice against less popular websites

[B] equality of search engines

[C] key to Google’s success

[D] negative effects of search engines

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Part B

Sample One

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

The making of weathervanes(devices fixed on the top of buildings to show directions of the wind)is an ancient skill, going back to early Egyptian times.Today the craft is still very much alive in the workshop that Graham Smith has set up.He is one of the few people in the country who make handcut weathervanes.Graham’s designs are individually created and tailored to the specific requirements of his customers.“That way I can produce a unique personalized item,” he explains, “A lot of my customers are women buying presents for their husbands.They want a distinctive gift that represents the man’s business or leisure interests.”It’s all a far cry from the traditional cock, the most common design for weathervanes.

It was not a cock but a witch on a broomstick that featured on the first weathervane Graham ever made.Friends admired his surprise present for his wife and began asking him to make vanes for them.“I realized that when it came to subjects that could be made into them, the possibilities were limitless,” he says.

(41).

That was five years ago and he has no regrets about his new direction.“My previous work didn’t have an artistic element to it, whereas this is exciting and creative,” he says.“I really enjoy the design side.”(42).

Graham also keeps plenty of traditional designs in stock, since they prove as popular as the oneoffs.“It seems that people are attracted to handcrafting,” Graham says.“They welcome the opportunity to acquire something a little bit different.”

(43).

“I have found my place in the market.People love the individuality and I get a lot of satisfaction from seeing a nondescript shape turn into something almost lifelike,” he says.(44).“And nowadays, with more and more people moving to the country, individuals want to put an exclusive finishing touch to their properties.It has been a boost to crafts like mines.”

(45).

American and Danish buyers in particular are showing interest.“Pricing,” he explains, “depends on the intricacy of the design.” His most recent request was for a curlycoated dog.Whatever the occasion, Graham can create a gift with a difference.

［A］ Graham has become increasingly busy, supplying flatpacked weathervanes to clients worldwide.

［B］ Graham decided to concentrate his efforts on a weathervane business.He had served an apprenticeship as a precision engineer and had worked in that trade for 15 years when he and his wife, Liz, agreed to swap roles—she went out to work as an architectural assistant and he stayed at home to look after the children and build up the business.

［C］ Last month, a local school was opened with his galleon ship weathervane hoisted above it.

［D］ “For centuries, weathervanes have kept communities in touch with the elements, signaling those shifts in wind direction that bring about changes in the weather,” he explains.

［E］ Graham has no plans for expansion, as he wants to keep the business as a rural craft.

［F］ Graham has now perfected over 100 original designs.He works to very fine detail, always seeking approval for the design of the silhouette from the customer before proceeding with the handcutting.

［G］ Graham decided to shift and make common designs.

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Sample Two

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box.Two paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

［A］ You may have to impress the company HR representatives as well.HR reps are typically trained to ask very specific and personal questions, like what salary you expect and what you’ve made in the past.They might ask you about your impressions of the company and the people who interviewed you.They might also ask if you have other offers.If so, chances are good that they are willing to compete for you.But if you say that you have other offers, be prepared to back it up with the who, what and when, because they might challenge you.The HR reps are also the people who will conduct or arrange reference and background checks.They might have the final say.

［B］ Besides management, you might also interview with one or more of your future coworkers.Regardless of the questions they ask, what they most really want to know is how well you’ll fit into the team, if you’ll cause them more work instead of less, and if they should feel threatened by you.When answering, be eager enough to show that you are a good team player and will pull your load, but not so eager as to appear to be a backstabbing ladder climber！

［C］ Always research a company before you interview, and remember that attire, body language and manners count, big time.Try to avoid common mistakes.You may think that this is common sense, but crazy stuff really happens!

［D］ Job interviewing is one of the most popular career topics on the Web.But no career advisor can tell you exactly what to say during a job interview.Interviews are just too upclose and personal for that.About the best that career advisors can do, is to give you some tips about the typical questions to expect, so you can practice answering them ahead of time.But, while there are many canned interview questions, there are few canned answers.The rest is up to you.

［E］ To put you somewhat at ease, many interviewers really don’t know how to interview effectively.Frontline interviewers are typically managers and supervisors who have never been or are barely trained in interviewing techniques.They’re a little nervous too, just like you.Some don’t even prepare in advance.This makes it easier for you to take control of the interview, if you have prepared.But in controlling an interview, it’s not a good idea to try to dominate.Instead, try to steer it toward landing the job.

［F］ After interviewing, immediately send a thank you letter to each of your interviewers.It’s professional and expected, and might even be the deciding factor in your favor.

［G］ Remember, it’s a twoway street.It’s the employer’s chance to judge you, but it’s also very much your chance to judge the employer.In fact, if you handle yourself well and ask the right questions, you’ll put the interviewer in the position of selling the company to you.If this happens, you’re probably doing well.

Order:

41→

42→

43→A→

44→

45→F

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Sample Three

Directions:

You are going to read a text about the tips on books, followed by a list of examples.Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading(41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.

［41］ A good book may be among the best of friends.

［42］ Men often discover their affinity to each other by the love they have each for a book.

［43］ A good book is often the best urn(瓮)of a life enshrining(铭记)the best that life could think out;

［44］ Books possess an essence of immortality.

［45］ Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived.

［A］ We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.

[B] The great and good do not die even in this world.Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad.The book is a living voice.It is an intellect to which one still listens.Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old.The imperial intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago.

［C］ There is an old proverb,“Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union.Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author.They live in him together, and he in them.

［D］ They are by far the most lasting products of human effort.Temples and statues decay, but books survive.Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds, ages ago.What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page.The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.

［E］ For the world of a man’s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts.Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters.“They are never alone,” said Sir Philip Sidney, “that are accompanied by noble thoughts.”

［F］ It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change.It is the most patient and cheerful of companions.It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress.It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.

Sample Four

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text.Choose the most suitable heading from the list AF for each numbered paragraph(4145).There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

［A］ Physical Changes

［B］ Low SelfEsteem

［C］ Emerging Independence and Search for Identity

［D］ Emotional Turbulence

［E］ Interest in the Opposite Sex

［F］ Peer Pressure and Conformity

The transition to adulthood is difficult.Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of 9 and 13and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics.Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them.Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs.The main issues that arise during adolescence are:

41

A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence.Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them, that they’re not as good as other people, that they are failures, losers, ugly or unintelligent.

42

Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among preteens.If dissatisfaction is great, it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed.In other cases, teens may act the opposite—loud and angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings of selfconsciousness and inferiority.As alarming as these bodily changes can be, adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their peers.Late maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.

43

Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence.Fears become more frightening, pleasures become more exciting, irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable.Every experience appears kingsized during adolescence.Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in selfdestructive behavior.Often, the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deeprooted shift in attitude and behavior.Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help.They include repeated school absences, slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances, hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.

44

There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers.This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles; it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.

45

Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents.This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents, a normal part of the lettinggo process.Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs.This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs.Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents, discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.

Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents, awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.

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Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

While Hegel may not have been the first philosopher to write about history, he was the first historicist philosopher—that is, a philosopher who believed in the essential historical relativity of truth.Hegel maintained that all human consciousness was limited by the particular social and cultural conditions of man’s surrounding environment—or as we say, by “the times”.(46)Past thought, whether of ordinary people or great philosophers and scientists, was not true absolutely or “objectively”, but only relative to the historical or cultural horizon within which that person lived.Human history must therefore be seen not only as a succession of different civilizations and levels of material accomplishment, but more importantly as a succession of different forms of consciousness.(47)Consciousness—the way in which human beings think about fundamental questions of right and wrong, the activities they find satisfying, their beliefs about the gods, even the way in which they perceive the world—has changed fundamentally over time.And since these perspectives were mutually contradictory, it follows that the vast majority of them were wrong, or forms of “false consciousness” to be unmasked by subsequent history.(48)The world’s great religions, according to Hegel, were not true in themselves, but were ideologies which arose out of the particular historical needs of the people who believed in them.Christianity, in particular, was an ideology that grew out of slavery, and whose proclamation of universal equality served the interests of slaves in their own liberation.

The radical nature of Hegelian historicism is hard to perceive today because it is so much a part of our own intellectual horizon.We assume that there is an historical “perspectivism” to thought and share a general prejudice against ways of thinking that are not “up to date”.Historicism is implicit in the position of the contemporary feminist who regards her mother’s or grandmother’s devotion to family and home as a quaint holdover from an earlier age.(49)Much as progenitor’s voluntary submission to a maledominated culture might have been right“for her time” and may even have made her happy, it is no longer acceptable and constitutes a form of “false consciousness.” Historicism is also implicit in the attitude of a black who denies that it is possible for a white person to ever understand what it means to be black.For though the consciousness of blacks and whites is not necessarily separated by historical time, they are held to be separated by the horizon of culture and experience with which each was nurtured, and across which there is only the most limited of communication.

The radicalness of Hegel’s historicism is evident in his very concept of man.(50)He didn’t deny that man had a natural side arising from needs of the body like food or sleep, but believed that in his most essential characteristic man was undermined and therefore free to create his own nature.Thus the nature of human desire, according to Hegel, is not given for all time, but changes between historical periods and cultures.

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51.Directions:

You’re going to Lijiang and want to make a reservation in a hotel which your friend has once stayed in and thus recommended to you.Write a letter to the hotel, stating your requirements and inquiring whether they can be satisfied.

You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter，using “Li Ming” instead.You do no need to wrute the address.(10 points)

Part B

52.Directions：

Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

1)describe the drawing,

2)interpret its symbolic meaning, and

3)give your comments.

You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)